Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin Philosophy
During the 1700s the United States of America was increasing with a huge number of immigrants who were immigrating to America from other countries. The most common background languages that were spoken by the people were German, French and Spanish. There was a high increase demand for class instruction to become bilingual. Franklin's view about bilingual education was not a positive one. He believed that Americans did not have to attain other nationalities way of living and customs. Benjamin Franklin said,"And since Detachments of English from Britain sent to America, will have their places at Home so soon supply’d and increase so largely here; why should the Palatine Boors be suffered to swarm into our Settlements, and by herding together establish their Language and Manners to the Exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a Colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of our Anglifying them, and will never adopt our Language or Customs, any more than they can acquire our Complexion." His views changed towards bilingual education due to the high demand of Germans in America and how they were very influential in politics after the American Revolution.
http://www.historycarper.com/1751/09/01/observations-concerning-the-increase-of-mankind-peopling-of-countries-c/
During the 1700s the United States of America was increasing with a huge number of immigrants who were immigrating to America from other countries. The most common background languages that were spoken by the people were German, French and Spanish. There was a high increase demand for class instruction to become bilingual. Franklin's view about bilingual education was not a positive one. He believed that Americans did not have to attain other nationalities way of living and customs. Benjamin Franklin said,"And since Detachments of English from Britain sent to America, will have their places at Home so soon supply’d and increase so largely here; why should the Palatine Boors be suffered to swarm into our Settlements, and by herding together establish their Language and Manners to the Exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a Colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of our Anglifying them, and will never adopt our Language or Customs, any more than they can acquire our Complexion." His views changed towards bilingual education due to the high demand of Germans in America and how they were very influential in politics after the American Revolution.
http://www.historycarper.com/1751/09/01/observations-concerning-the-increase-of-mankind-peopling-of-countries-c/
Franklin College 1787
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Founded in the year of 1787 by Benjamin Franklin and other contributions. The leaders came from Lutheran and Reformed churches. The purpose of the school was to preserve the republican system and teach students arts and sciences. Franklin College was the first college to teach in bilingual instruction and first to have a coed body for the first class and later on forgotten. The college had reached the point of being close due to financial status and sponsors declined to fund the school. In 1853, Franklin College became known as Franklin & Marshall College because both colleges decided to come together and form one main college. In 1969, coed was implemented again. The college has been open for 225 years and still continues offering programs to students.
http://library.fandm.edu/archives/timeline/timeline18thc.php
http://library.fandm.edu/archives/timeline/timeline18thc.php
Ohio 1840
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The state of Ohio was the first state to pass a law approving the bilingual program to have classes instructed in the German-English languages. The law was passed due to the high demand of Germans who had children in the state and were concern about their child's education. Parent's were not the only one concern but American's as well they wanted the student's to get used to living with the American customs and apply them to their daily routine.
Louisiana 1847
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During the 1800s, Louisiana was the first state to enter the union without an official language. The government concern about the high percentage of French speakers in Louisiana led them to protect it by stating that, the constitution could not be changed to another language. Louisiana did pass the bilingual law of instruction in schools in the year of 1847 and documents were still translated in French.
New Mexico 1850
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In 1850, New Mexico was going through a lot of changes. New Mexico was part of Mexico, until 1848 when the United States took over the land. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed by Santa Ana giving U.S. the states of California, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas. The U.S granted citizenship to those who were there even before the war started. A year after this treaty happened the bilingual education law was passed in 1850 for classes to be taught in both Spanish and English.
Nationality Act 1906
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The Nationality Act of 1906, required that all immigrants entering America need to apply for their citizenship and learn the national language. The eligible applicant would file a declaration of intent and give it to the court whether local, state or federal. The process would take two to seven years and during that period of time the applicant could have requested for their citizenship. The procedures of getting approved and becoming a citizen of the United States of America, would consist of having a clean background and lived here for five entire years. Once the applicant became approved the judge in charge of the case of naturalization would call them in for a hearing in court and have them say an oath of allegiance to the United States constitution. Once the oath had taken place the judge would grant them their citizenship.
WWI- Attitude towards German
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During World War I people started treating Germans in America in an unfair way. People were showing their patriotism and rejecting everything that had to do with German heritage. Whether it was from language, church to music everyone was prohibited to show some type of connection with their background. The bilingual education was affected by this tension because it became prohibited for schools to instruct in the German language making English the main language.
Meyer V. Nebraska 1923
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The case was brought to the Supreme Court because a parochial school teacher was caught teaching a young ten year old boy a bible story in the German language. Meyer defense was the 14th amendment which violated his rights. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Meyer stating that it was unconstitutional because the 14th amendment states that all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Miami's Cubans 1950s-1960s
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During the 1950s-1960s Cuban's lives were changing. The Cuban Revolution took placed in the year of 1959. The following event was in July 26, 1953 when the Fidel Castro began his revolution against Batista, his small army participated to attack the Moncada army barrack but failed the ones that survived were sentence to prison and were freed two years later. The Fidel Catro immigrated to the country of Mexico enlisting Ernesto Che Guevara an Argentinian Doctor, and together they came back again to get Batista out. Due to all of these events going on with revolutionary war, people in Cuba started fearing for the country's destiny. Cubans started to send their children to the United States fearing the after effects of a socialist uprising. Florida was the state that welcomed the largest Cuban population entering America. Children immigrated here but older educated Cubans as well. The South part of Florida and Miami-Dade County had the high percentage of Cuban people. Coral Way Elementary School was one of the schools that received the greatest amount of the students who were enrolled in their school during this time period. The school had to teach the students in bilingual education instruction since the student native language was Spanish. The school wanted to focused on the students needs at that time.
http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/search/?cx=009395468658320509053%3Ais72in2vyqy&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&as_q=Coral+Way+Elementary+School
http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/search/?cx=009395468658320509053%3Ais72in2vyqy&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&as_q=Coral+Way+Elementary+School
Civil Rights Act 1964 Title VI
The Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. As President John F. Kennedy said in 1963, “Simple justice requires that public funds, to which all taxpayers of all races [colors, and national origins] contribute, not be spent in any fashion which encourages, entrenches, subsidizes or results in racial [color or national origin] discrimination.” Title VI itself prohibits intentional discrimination and was a leap forward in ensuring equality to every U.S. citizen.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1968
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In 1965, equality was once again a big part of education. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed in 1965 as a part of the "War on Poverty." ESEA emphasizes equal access to education and establishes high standards and accountability. The law authorizes federally funded education programs that are administered by the states. The bilingual Education Act was the next piece of legislation to help ensure equality throughout American education in regards to bilingual education. The Bilingual Education Act was the first federal legislation to address the unique educational needs of students with limited English-speaking ability.
Bilingual Education Act 1968
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- The act mandated that schools provide Bilingual Education programs.The act was passed during an era of growing immigration and an energized Civil Rights movement. The act provided federal funding to encourage local school districts to try approaches incorporating native-language instruction.
- This was the first time U.S. Congress had endorsed funding for Bilingual Education. Most states followed the lead of the federal government, enacting Bilingual Education Laws of their own or at least decriminalizing the use of other language in the classroom (Cohen, 29-31). In its first year, the act provided funding for 76 Bilingual Education programs and served students who spoke 14 different languages.
http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/files/rcd/BE021037/Fall88_6.pdf
Lau V. Nichols 1974
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Lau V. Nichols was a class-action suit against the San Francisco school district. The accusation was that, Chinese students were not receiving a quality education because of their limited English skills. The lower courts ruled that the Chinese students were receiving equal education. The Supreme Court, however, disagreed. They ruled that equivalent school materials did not constitute equal education. The ruling of the case led to Department of Education forcing school districts to take affirmative steps to fix English language deficiencies. The NABE was then formed a year later. This association was installed to continue the protection of bilingual education.
The National Association for Bilingual Education 1975
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The National Association for Bilingual Education, founded 1975, is the main U.S. professional and advocacy organization for bilingual education. Organization believes in the importance of ethnic heritage and the preservation of language and culture, as well as the need to educate non-English-speaking students in all subjects, not just English.
http://www.nabe.org/
http://www.nabe.org/